اخطار-Zone System

مناطق مستعد خطر یا Hazardous Area چه مناطقی هستند؟(بخش اول:Zone System)

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در یک دسته بندی کلی هر محیطی،خواه میخواهد صنعتی یا غیرصنعتی باشد،به دو دسته ی محیط امن(Safe Area) یا محیط مستعد خطر(Hazardous Area) تقسیم بندی می شود.از اتاق خواب و آشپزخانه منازل گرفته تا دفتر محل کار،آسانسور یک ساختمان،محیط یک پمپ بنزین و یا یک پلنت پالایشگاهی.دانش ما نسبت به امن یا خطرناک بودن یک محیط می تواند بر احتیاط عملکردی ما تأثیر زیادی بگذارد.یک موجود زنده طبیعتاً در شرایط خطر محتاط تر و با دقت بیشتری عمل می کند. در این مقاله به این دو دسته محیط بیشتر میپردازیم.

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استاندارد مربوط به Hazardous Area:

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از استانداردهای بین المللی پراستفاده در مورد محیط های صنعتی استاندارد IEC60079 است که محیط ها را به نسبت وجود مواد آتش زا ،تقسیم بندی می کند.در واقع ملاک محیط مستعد خطر یا امن بودن یک محیط مدت زمان حضور یک ماده ی سوختنی در آن است.یک Hazardous Area بر همین اساس به مناطق مختلف دسته بندی می شود.با یک مثال شروع می کنم.

از منظر خطرناک بودن محیط،یک پمپ بنزین را با اتاقی خالی مقایسه کنید.فرض کنید اتاق به خودی خود شامل هیچ نوع ماده ی سوختنی ای نیست.نتیجه ی این مقایسه بر هیچ کس پوشیده نیست.قطعاً پمپ بنزین محیط خطرناک تری است.چرا که احتمال انفجار و آتش سوزی به علت حضور همیشگی هیدروکربن ها از جمله بنزین و گاز وجود دارد.اما آیا در یک اتاق به هیچ وجه امکان انفجار به علت آتش سوزی بنزین وجود ندارد؟ آیا اتاق Safe Area یا محیطی امن است؟

در حالت طبیعی داخل هیچ اتاقی بنزین وجود ندارد.اما اگر شخصی با یک چهار لیتری بنزین وارد اتاق شود و قصد آتش زدن آن را داشته باشد چه؟حالا از لحاظ خطر تفاوتی بین پمپ بنزین و اتاق وجود دارد؟خیر! در هر دو احتمال خطر بالا است. حال اگر اتاق را ایزوله کنیم و به هیچ وجه امکان ورود فرد به اتاق وجود نداشته باشد چه؟ امکان انفجار بر اساس آتش سوزی هیدروکربن صفر می شود.اتاق از مواد سوختنی ایمن است و به Safe Area تبدیل می شود.

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تصویر نمونه ای از تانک های بزرگ ذخیره ی سوخت زیرزمینیِ یک پمپ بنزین

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طبق استانداردهای ثبت شده دو سیستم برای Hazardous Area تعریف شده است.سیستم اول به Zone System و دومی به Class/Division System مشهور هستند . در این مطلب به Zone System میپردازیم و سیستم دوم را در مقاله ای جدا بررسی خواهیم کرد . پس در زیر به تقسیم بندی Zone ها دقت کنید :

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Zone 0 :

محیطی است که احتمال انفجار در آن به سبب وجود گازهای قابل اشتعال یا هیدروکربن ها بیش از 1000 ساعت در سال است.یک پالایشگاه که همواره در حال فرآیند و پالایش فرآورده های هیدروکربنی و گاز است؛و یا یک پمپ بنزین که همیشه مخازن بزرگ سوخت در آن قرار دارد در این Zone طبقه بندی می شوند. Zone 0 پرخطر ترین منطقه در بین محیط های مستعد خطر است.

Zone 1 :

محیطی است که احتمال انفجار در آن به سبب وجود گازهای قابل اشتعال یا هیدروکربن ها بین 10 تا 1000 ساعت در سال است .

Zone 2 :

محیطی است که احتمال انفجار در آن به سبب وجود گازهای قابل اشتعال یا هیدروکربن ها کمتر از 10 ساعت در سال است.دقت کنید که هنوز احتمال به صفر نرسیده و اندک احتمالی جهت انفجار وجود دارد.مثال اتاق خالی را به یاد بیاورید.این اتاق چند ساعت در سال احتمال دارد توسط فردی با یک چهار لیتری بنزین تهدید شود؟کمتر از 10 ساعت در سال! پس این محیط در Zone 2 قرار دارد.این Zone امن ترین در بین محیط های دارای خطر است.

اما اگر اتاق را ایزوله کنیم و به هیچ وجه امکان ورود هیدروکربن وجود نداشته باشد چه؟ چون هیچ ماده ی قابل سوختنی در اتاق ما وجود ندارد این محیط به Safe Area تبدیل شده است.

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تصویر انفجاری مهیب در یک پالایشگاه سوختی

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آیا مناطق پر خطر فقط شامل Zone های ذکر شده می شوند؟

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طبق استاندارد Zone 1 ، Zone 0 و Zone 2 مناطقی هستند که در محیط های دارای گاز و هیدروکربن استفاده دارند . اما استاندارد،سه Zone دیگر با نام های Zone 21 , Zone 20 و Zone 22 را نیز شامل می شود.این مناطق بیشتر در معادن و صنایع غذایی کاربرد دارند.ماده ی اشتعال زا در این محیط ها گرد و غبار(Dust) می باشد. شامل پودر زغال سنگ معلق در هوای معدن،پودر نشاسته ی معلق در یک کارخانه ی صنایع غذایی یا حتی خاک چوب های یک نجاری.این سه منطقه هم دقیقاً با منطق تقسیم بندی Zone های 0 تا 2 دسته بندی میشوند و از بین آن ها Zone 20 خطرناک ترین و Zone 22 امن ترین منطقه است.

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گروه بندی تجهیزات در این سیستم :

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تجهیزات الکتریکی ای که در این سیستم نصب میشوند هم در گروه های مختلفی قرار میگیرند که هرکدام مناسب محیط و شرایط خاص خودشان است.معمولاً این گروه بندی ها را روی پلاک تجهیز میتوانیم پیدا کنیم:

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Group l :

گروه اول تجهیزاتی هستند که جهت استفاده در معادن مستعد آتش سوزی در نظر گرفته میشوند .

Group ll :

گروه دوم تجهیزاتی هستند که برای استفاده در محیط های دارای گازهای قابل انفجار،در نظر گرفته میشوند :

Group llA : محیطی که شامل پروپان یا گازها و بخارات به خطرناکی آن است.

Group llB : محیطی که شامل اتیلن یا گازها و بخارات به خطرناکی آن است.

Group llC : محیطی که شامل استیلن یا هیدروژن یا گازها و بخارات به خطرناکی آن ها است.

Group lll :

دسته ی سوم تجهیزاتی هستند که برای استفاده در محیط های شامل غبارات قابل انفجار استفاده دارند :

Group lllA : محیطی که شامل ذرات معلق قابل انفجار در هوا است.

Group lllB : محیطی که شامل ذرات معلق غیررسانا در هوا است.

Group lllC : محیطی که شامل ذرات معلق رسانا در هوا است.

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نمونه ای از Dust Explosion یا انفجار ذرات غبار معلق در یک کارخانه ی صنعتی

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در بخش دوم این مقاله بهHazardous Area طبق سیستم Class/Divison” خواهیم پرداخت.پس در ادامه با ما همراه باشید .

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